“Groups are still a problem…but a different one!” Reflecting on the role played by non-violent extremist groups in the radicalisation pathways of individuals in the UK.

Non-violent (vocal) extremists are at the centre of inflamed debates in the UK as they use the freedom of speech to legally oppose key democratic values and national authorities while targeting specific groups in the society as alleged enemies. This paper aims to explore the radicalisation pathways of individuals in the UK who hold radical and extreme ideas but who have not (yet) committed any offence. More precisly, this paper aims to uncover the role (if any) played by non-violent extremist groups in pathways to radicalisation. To do so, this paper focuses on people supported by the Channel programme, the main early de-radicalisation programme within the Prevent Scheme. This paper innovatively uses first-hand data reflecting the views of Channel practitioners on radicalisation pathways. This study concludes that non-violent extremist groups (as structures) still play a role in familiarising/acculturating individuals with specific ideological concepts. However, the processes of identity-building and resource mobilization seem to be strongly agent-led when observing Channel population in the UK.