Preserving fossilized soft tissues: advancing proteomics and unveiling the evolutionary history of cancer in dinosaurs

Understanding how life-history strategies influence cancer susceptibility in dinosaurs requires a molecular-level analysis of preserved soft tissues. While previous research has largely focused on skeletal remains, the discovery of soft tissue structures in fossils, such as Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, highlights the need for a new approach. Paleoproteomics offers a transformative opportunity to analyze ancient proteins, revealing the evolutionary trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and cancer suppression. This study argues that prioritizing fossil collection and soft tissue preservation is crucial, as future advances in molecular techniques will allow deeper insights into disease evolution. By integrating life-history theory with paleopathology, we can better understand the selective pressures that shaped cancer susceptibility in extinct species and identify potential mechanisms of tumor resistance. This commentary highlights the necessity of long-term fossil conservation efforts to support future breakthroughs in evolutionary biology and comparative oncology.