Family history of non-communicable diseases and the risk of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome

<p dir="ltr">Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM)-related diseases are known to be influenced by family history; however, few studies have analyzed associations between them. Thus, this study aims to analyze associations between family history of non-communicable diseases with CKM-related diseases and CKM stages. This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculate the weighted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CKM syndrome and CKM-related diseases based on family history of non-communicable diseases including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. Adjusted odds ratios() with 95% CI were calculated using multivariable logistic regression and partial proportional odds models. CKM syndrome was classified according to the criteria established by the American Heart Association (early-advanced stage, 0–4). This study analyzed family history, prevalence rates of CKM-related diseases, and CKM syndrome stages in 57,340 participants. The results indicated higher prevalence rates for individuals with a family history of CKM-related diseases. Furthermore, individuals with such a history were at greater risk of being classified into more advanced stages of CKM syndrome compared to those without. In particular, when focusing on the most advanced stage (stage ≥ 4) of CKM syndrome, a family history of hypertension increased the risk by 43% (95% CI, 32–54), diabetes by 54% (41–67), hyperlipidemia by 97% (41–67), ischemic heart disease by 147% (123–173), and stroke by 106% (90–124). The family history of CKM-related diseases may increase the prevalence of these diseases and influence CKM syndrome progression stages. These findings suggest implementing early diagnosis and management programs that take family history into account.</p>